Three randomized controlled trials have shown that male circumcision provided by well trained health professionals in properly equipped settings is safe. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention vmmc an introductory factsheet november 2017 1 this fact sheet provides basic information on vmmc, an hiv prevention. Frontiers does male circumcision reduce womens risk of. Such campaigns have targets to circumcise millions of boys and men. However, the biological mechanisms by which circumcision is protective remain incompletely. Male circumcision has been shown to reduce femaletomale hiv transmission by 60% and is a key hiv prevention programme in subsaharan africa. Promoting male circumcision mc should be recognized as an additional, important strategy for the prevention of heterosexually acquired hiv infection in men, provided a unparalleled opportunity for hiv prevention. Information on shangring generation ii, selflocking model device for voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention pdf, 102kb june 2015. Circumcision reduces heterosexual hiv1 acquisition in men by at least 60%.
Male circumcision and hiv prevention population council. The effectiveness of male circumcision for hiv prevention. Expanding global access to information and resources on male circumcision for hiv prevention. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention. Male circumcision does not provide complete protection against hiv infection. Male circumcision and hiv prevention provided a unique opportunity for largescale successful hiv prevention not previously possible. Randomized controlled trials in subsaharan africa have shown that adult male circumcision reduces the risk of hiv acquisition in men by about 60%. In order to fully realize the protective benefits of mc, factors related to acceptability and sexual risk must be considered. The ultimate impact of mc on hiv prevention will be determined, in part, by behavioral factors. There are several biological explanations why male circumcision may reduce the risk of hiv infec tion for men. Circumcision of the male may have ancient roots, but it is rarely practiced without controversy.
Can circumcision reduce a mans risk of getting hiv. The findings of robert bailey feb 24, p 643,1 ronald gray p 6572, and their coworkers indicate that male circumcision can have a significant protective effect against hiv infection. The astreated effectiveness of male circumcision for hiv prevention was 59% over 24 months during a randomized trial, and the adjusted effectiveness of circumcision over approximately. A subsequent evaluation of a voucher program in urban malawi found that providing information and reducing the price of circumcision only slightly increased takeup. Should nations with a high hiv infection rate encourage male circumcision. Circumcised men can still become infected with the virus and, if. Biological plausibility it seems that hiv first gains entry into the male genital tract through langerhans cells in the inner foreskin, and from there proceeds. Male circumcision reduces the risk of hiv transmission from women to men.
In 2011, the world health organization who and the joint united nations programme on hivaids stated that. There is compelling evidence that male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired hiv infection in men by approximately 60%. Male circumcision mc can prevent femaletomale hiv transmission and has the potential to significantly alter hiv epidemics. Male circumcision for hiv prevention in young men in rakai, uganda. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention men making a difference for hiv prevention nearly 18. The year 2008 is seen as pivotal in the acceptance of. Editorial male circumcision and hiv prevention it is reported that there is grade i evidence that male circumcision website, for credible uptodate data on the number of male reduces the risk of men acquiring human immunodeiciency circumcisions that have been carried out in south africa.
Vol 369 february 24, 2007 643 male circumcision for hiv prevention in young men in kisumu, kenya. The ultimate impact of mc on hiv prevention will be. The who and unaids recommend the implementation of vmmc programmes in countries with a high hiv prevalence among the general population. The introduction and scaleup of voluntary medical male circumcision is one of several interventions that led to an impressive decline in new hiv infections in kenya. Pdf male circumcision and hiv prevention yoram vardi. Growing evidence has linked circumcision with some protection against hiv infection. Pdf male circumcision mc has been shown to be protective against heterosexual hiv transmission and is being explored in some parts of the world as a. However, there is a concern that circumcision may impair sexual function. Male circumcision for prevention of hiv transmission. Implementation of male circumcision mc for hiv prevention in. In the mid2000s, male circumcision was found to reduce the femaletomale sexual transmission of hiv by 60%. Presented at the th meeting of the isstdr, july 1114, 1999.
Safe, voluntary, informed male circumcision and comprehensive hiv prevention programming guidance for decisionmakers on human rights, ethical and legal consideration table of. Progress in voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc has been recognized by. This document is intended to assist health care providers in the united states who share information with men and parents of male infants during decision making about male circumcision conducted by health care providers i. Since the 1990s, the rakai health sciences program has worked on male circumcision for prevention of hiv and other sexually transmitted infections stis through a. Voluntary medical male circumcision for hiv prevention avert. Male patients and parents regarding male circumcision and the prevention of hiv infection, stis, and other health outcomes cdc is requesting public comment on draft counseling. In this debate, many issues can be organised around a central question. Objective this article provides an overview and interpretation of the performance of the us presidents emergency plan for aids reliefs pepfars male circumcision. According to a recent metaanalysis of studies on male circumcisionthe removal of all or part of the foreskin of. The implications of african trials on circumcision for hiv prevention.
The biology of how circumcision reduces hiv susceptibility. Draft cdc recommendations for providers counseling male. Expanding male circumcision for hiv prevention as part of a comprehensive hiv prevention strategy, male circumcision is proven to reduce hiv risk. Scaleup of voluntary medical male circumcision services. Following the recommendations published by whounaids in 2007, several countries in southern and. Current operational research issues of male circumcision for hiv prevention. Numerous observational studies indicate that circumcised men have lower levels of hiv infection. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc reduces femaletomale sexual transmission of hiv by 60%. Recent randomised trials of male circumcision in sterile conditions show substantially reduced hiv incidence in circumcised men. More than 14 million adolescent and adult males in east and southern africa have undergone male circumcision removal of the penis foreskin for hiv prevention in the past decade. This procedure is done for hygiene and health reasons or as. Possible health benefits of male circumcision include a lower risk of urinary tract infections, penile cancer, and sexually transmitted diseases. How does male circumcision protect against hiv infection.
Male circumcision and risk of hiv infection in subsaharan africa. Medical male circumcision for hiv has benefits for women. From a public healthcare standpoint, its important to note that no global. Recent clinical trials in africa found that male circumcision reduces the risk of. The perceptions on male circumcision as a preventive. Articles male circumcision for hiv prevention in young men.
Download our fact sheet to find out more about the procedure and the benefits. Pepfars best practices for voluntary medical male circumcision site operations v message from the us global aids coordinator voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc is. Voluntary medical male circumcision vmmc has been recognized by the world health organization and joint united nations programme on hiv aids as an effective human immunodeficiency virus hiv infection prevention intervention in settings with a generalized hiv epidemic and low male circumcision prevalence. Medical male circumcision for hiv has benefits for women too. According to a recent meta analysis of studies on male circumcisionthe removal of all or part of the foreskin of. Thus, male circumcision further reduces the risk of infection by reducing the synergy that normally exists between hiv. Manual for male circumcision under local anaesthesia and hiv prevention services for adolescent boys and men clinical manual 2018. Male circumcision is being promoted for hiv prevention in highrisk heterosexual populations. Male circumcision and hiv prevention world health organization. Who prequalification of male circumcision devices pdf. Goalsspectrum specifically balancing male circumcision and other interventions. Over the past decade, numerous epidemiological studies have reported a significant association between lack of male circumcision and risk for hiv infection, leading to recommendations for. Brochure for the male circumcision consortium author.